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In mathematics and physics, vector can refer to:
Euclidean vector, a geometric entity endowed with both length and direction; an element of a Euclidean vector space. In physics, euclidean vectors are used to represent physical quantities which have both magnitude and direction, such as force, in contrast to scalar quantities, which have no direction.
Vector product, or cross product, an operation on two vectors in a three-dimensional Euclidean space, producing a third three-dimensional Euclidean vector
Vector projection, also known as the vector resolute, a mapping of one vector onto another

The vector part of a quaternion, a term used in 19th century mathematical literature on quaternions
Burgers vector, a vector that represents the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion of dislocation in a crystal lattice
Displacement vector, a vector that specifies the change in position of a point relative to a previous position
Gradient vector, one vector in a vector field
Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector, a vector used chiefly to describe the shape and orientation of the orbit of one astronomical body around another
Normal vector, or surface normal, a vector which is perpendicular to a surface
Null vector, or zero vector, a vector whose components are all zero
Orbital state vectors, which define the state of an orbiting body
Position (vector), a vector which represents the position of an object in space in relation to an arbitrary reference point
Poynting vector, in physics, a vector representing the energy flux of an electromagnetic field
Tangent vector (disambiguation), a vector that follows the direction of a curve or a surface at a given point
Wave vector, a vector representation of a wave
Gyrovector, a hyperbolic geometry version of a vector
Axial vector, or pseudovector, a quantity that transforms like a vector under a proper rotation
Basis vector, one of a set of vectors (a "basis") that, in linear combination, can represent every vector in a given vector space
Coordinate vector, in linear algebra, an explicit representation of an element of any abstract vector space
Darboux vector, the areal velocity vector of the Frenet frame of a space curve
Four-vector, in the theory of relativity, a vector in a four-dimensional real vector space called Minkowski space
Interval vector, in musical set theory, an array that expresses the intervallic content of a pitch-class set
P-vector, the tensor obtained by taking linear combinations of the wedge product of p tangent vectors
Probability vector, in statistics, a vector with non-negative entries that add up to one
Row vector or column vector, a one-dimensional matrix often representing the solution of a system of linear equations
Spin vector, or Spinor, is an element of a complex vector space introduced to expand the notion of spatial vector
Tuple, an ordered list of numbers, sometimes used to represent a vector
Unit vector, a vector in a normed vector space whose length is 1
Vector, an element of a vector space
Vector fields
Vector field, a construction in vector calculus which associates a vector to every point in a subset of Euclidean space
Conservative vector field, a vector field which is the gradient of a scalar potential field
Hamiltonian vector field, a vector field defined for any energy function or Hamiltonian
Killing vector field, a vector field on a Riemannian manifold
Solenoidal vector field, a vector field with zero divergence
Vector potential, a vector field whose curl is a given vector field
Vector flow, a set of closely related concepts of the flow determined by a vector field

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Vector spaces
Vector space, a mathematical structure made up of vectors, objects which may be added with another vector or multiplied by a scalar value
Euclidean vector space, an n-dimensional space with notions of distance and angle that obey the Euclidean relationships
Dual vector space, a vector space consisting of all linear functionals on another, given vector space
Graded vector space, a type of vector space that includes the extra structure of gradation
Normed vector space, a vector space on which a norm is defined
Ordered vector space, a vector space equipped with a partial order
Super vector space, name for a Z2-graded vector space
Symplectic vector space, a vector space V equipped with a non-degenerate, skew-symmetric, bilinear form
Topological vector space, a blend of topological structure with the algebraic concept of a vector space
Manipulation of vectors, fields, and spaces
Vector bundle, a topological construction which makes precise the idea of a family of vector spaces parameterized by another space
Vector calculus, a branch of mathematics concerned with differentiation and integration of vector fields
Vector Analysis, a free, online book on vector calculus first published in 1901 by Edwin Bidwell Wilson
Vector decomposition, refers to decomposing a vector of Rn to several vectors, each linearly independent
Vector differential, or del, is a vector differential operator represented by the nabla symbol:
Vector Laplacian, the vector Laplace operator, denoted by is a differential operator defined over a vector field
Vector notation, common notations used when working with vectors
Vector operator, a type of differential operator used in vector calculus
Vector product, or cross product, an operation on two vectors in a three-dimensional Euclidean space, producing a third three-dimensional Euclidean vector
Vector projection, also known as the vector resolute, a mapping of one vector onto another
Vector-valued function, a mathematical function that maps real numbers to vectors
Vectorization (mathematics), a linear transformation which converts a matrix into a column vector
Other uses in mathematics and physics
Vector autoregression, an econometric model used to capture the evolution and the interdependencies between multiple time series
Vector boson, a boson with the spin quantum number equal to 1
Vector measure, a function defined on a family of sets and taking vector values satisfying certain properties
Vector meson, a meson with total spin 1 and odd parity
Vector quantization, a quantization technique used in signal processing
Vector soliton, a solitary wave with multiple components coupled together that maintains its shape during propagation
Vector synthesis, a type of audio synthesis
Witt vector, an infinite sequence of elements of a commutative ring

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In geometry, a rectangle is defined as a quadrilateral where all four of its angles are right angles. A rectangle with vertices ABCD would be denoted as ABCD.
Rectangles hold the following properties:



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Opposite sides are of equal length (congruent)
Adjacent sides meet at right angles
All four angles are of equal measure (congruent)
All four angles are right angles
Adjacent angles are supplementary
Opposite sides are parallel
Parallelogram
Diagonals are of equal measure (congruent)
Diagonals bisect one another

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In geometry, a four-sided figure with one pair of parallel sides is referred to as a trapezoid in American English and as a trapezium in English outside North America. A trapezoid with vertices ABCD is denoted ABCD.

This article uses the term trapezoid in the sense that is current in the United States (and sometimes in some other English-speaking countries). Readers in the United Kingdom and Australia should read trapezium for each use of trapezoid in the following paragraphs. In all other languages using a word derived from the Greek for this figure, the form closest to trapezium (e.g. French 'trapèze', Italian 'trapezio', German 'Trapez', Russian 'трапеция') is used.

The term trapezium has been in use in English since 1570, from Late Latin trapezium, from Greek trapezion, literally "a little table", diminutive of trapeza "table", itself from tra- "four" + peza "foot, edge". The first recorded use of the Greek word translated trapezoid (τραπεζοειδη, table-like) was by Marinus Proclus (412 to 485 AD) in his Commentary on the first book of Euclid’s Elements.

There is also some disagreement on the allowed number of parallel sides in a trapezoid. At issue is whether parallelograms, which have two pairs of parallel sides, should be counted as trapezoids. Some authors define a trapezoid as a quadrilateral having exactly one pair of parallel sides, thereby excluding parallelograms. Other authors define a trapezoid as a quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides, making the parallelogram a special type of trapezoid (along with the rhombus, the rectangle and the square). The latter definition is consistent with its uses in higher mathematics such as calculus. The former definition would make such concepts as the trapezoidal approximation to a definite integral be ill-defined.

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In North America, the term trapezium is used to refer to a quadrilateral with no parallel sides. The term trapezoid has been defined as a quadrilateral without any parallel sides in Britain and elsewhere, but this does not reflect current usage (the Oxford English Dictionary says “Often called by English writers in the 19th century”).
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the trapezoid as a figure with no sides parallel is the sense for which Proclus introduced the term; it is retained in the French "trapézoïde", German "trapezoïd", and in other languages. A trapezium in Proclus' sense is a quadrilateral having one pair of its opposite sides parallel. This was the specific sense in England in 17th and 18th centuries, and again the prevalent one in recent use. A trapezium as any quadrilateral more general than a parallelogram is the sense of the term in Euclid. The sense of a trapezium as an irregular quadrilateral having no sides parallel was the usual sense in England from c1800 to c1875, but is now rare. This article uses the term trapezoid in the sense that is current in the USA and some other English-speaking countries. Readers in the UK should read trapezium for each use of trapezoid in the following paragraphs.
There is also some disagreement on the allowed number of parallel sides in a trapezoid. At issue is whether parallelograms, which have two pairs of parallel sides, should be counted as trapezoids. Some authors define a trapezoid as a quadrilateral having exactly one pair of parallel sides, thereby excluding parallelograms. Other authors define a trapezoid as a quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides, making a parallelogram a special type of trapezoid.

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A triangle or trigon is a two dimensional geometric object that has the specific qualities of having three straight sides that intersect at three vertices.
The sum of the internal angles that exist at the vertices always total the same number for every triangle—180 degrees, or π radians.
In Euclidean geometry, any three non-collinear points determine a unique triangle and a unique plane.
Types of triangles
By relative lengths of sides
Triangles can be classified according to the relative lengths of their sides:
In an equilateral triangle, all sides are the same length. An equilateral triangle is also a regular polygon with all angles 60°.
In an isosceles triangle, at least two sides are equal in length. An isosceles triangle also has two equal angles: the angles opposite the two equal sides.
In a scalene triangle, all sides and internal angles are different from one another.
By internal angles
Triangles can also be classified according to their internal angles, measured here in degrees.



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A triangle that does not contain a right angle is called an oblique triangle. One that does is a right triangle.
There are two types of oblique triangles, those with all the internal angles smaller than 90°, and those with one angle larger than 90°.
The obtuse triangle contains the larger than 90° angle, known as an obtuse angle. The acute triangle is composed of three acute angles, the same as saying that all three of its angles are smaller than 90°.
A right triangle (or right-angled triangle) has one 90° internal angle (a right angle). The side opposite to the right angle is the hypotenuse; it is the longest side in the right triangle. Right triangles conform to the Pythagorean theorem: the sum of the squares of the two legs is equal to the square of the hypotenuse; i.e., a2 + b2 = c2, where a and b are the legs and c is the hypotenuse

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A set is a collection of distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right. Sets are one of the most fundamental concepts in mathematics. In mathematics education, elementary topics such as Venn diagrams are taught at a young age, while more advanced concepts are taught as part of a university degree.




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Definition
Georg Cantor, the founder of set theory, gave the following definition of a set at the beginning of his Beiträge zur Begründung der transfiniten Mengenlehre:
Sets are conventionally denoted with capital letters. Sets A and B are equal if and only if they have precisely the same elements.
As discussed below, the definition given above turned out to be inadequate for formal mathematics; instead, the notion of a "set" is taken as an undefined primitive in axiomatic set theory, and its properties are defined by the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms.
The most basic properties are that a set "has" elements, and that two sets are equal (one and the same) if and only if they have the same elements.

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In its simplest meaning in mathematics and logic, an operation is an action or procedure which produces a new value from one or more input values. There are two common types of operations: unary and binary. Unary operations involve only one value, such as negation and trigonometric functions. Binary operations, on the other hand, take two values, and include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation.


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Operations can involve mathematical objects other than numbers. The logical values true and false can be combined using logic operations, such as and, or, and not. Vectors can be added and subtracted. Rotations can be combined using the function composition operation, performing the first rotation and then the second. Operations on sets include the binary operations union and intersection and the unary operation of complementation. Operations on functions include composition and convolution.

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Elementary algebra is a fundamental and relatively basic form of algebra taught to students who are presumed to have little or no formal knowledge of mathematics beyond arithmetic. The major difference between algebra and arithmetic is the inclusion of variables. While in arithmetic only numbers and their arithmetical operations (such as +, −, ×, ÷) occur, in algebra, one also uses symbols such as x and y, or a and b to denote variables.




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The purpose of using variables, symbols that denote numbers, is to allow the making of generalizations in mathematics.
It allows reference to numbers which are not known. It allows the exploration of mathematical relationships between quantities (such as "if you sell x tickets, then your profit will be 3x − 10 dollars").
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The values combined are called operands, arguments, or inputs, and the value produced is called the value, result, or output. Operations can have fewer or more than two inputs.
An operation is like an operator, but the point of view is different. For instance, one often speaks of "the operation of addition" or "addition operation" when focusing on the operands and result, but one says "addition operator" (rarely "operator of addition") when focusing on the process, or from the more abstract viewpoint, the function +: S×S → S.


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An operation ω is a function of the form ω : V → Y, where V ⊂ X1 × … × Xk. The sets Xk are called the domains of the operation, the set Y is called the codomain of the operation, and the fixed non-negative integer k (the number of arguments) is called the type or arity of the operation. Thus a unary operation has arity one, and a binary operation has arity two. An operation of arity zero, called a nullary operation, is simply an element of the codomain Y. An operation of arity k is called a k-ary operation. Thus a k-ary operation is a (k+1)-ary relation that is functional on its first k domains.

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Operations may not be defined for every possible value. For example, in the real numbers one cannot divide by zero or take square roots of negative numbers. The values for which an operation is defined from a set called its domain. The set which contains the values produced is called the codomain, but the set of actual values attained by the operation is its range. For example, in the real numbers, the squaring operation only produces nonnegative numbers; the codomain is the set of real numbers but the range is the nonnegative numbers.
Operations can involve dissimilar objects.


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A vector can be multiplied by a scalar to form another vector. And the inner product operation on two vectors produces a scalar. An operation may or may not have certain properties, for example it may be associative, commutative, anticommutative, idempotent, and so on.
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The describes what is usually called a finitary operation, referring to the finite number of arguments (the value k). Often, use of the term operation implies that the domain of the function is a power of the codomain (i.e. the Cartesian product of one or more copies of the codomain), although this is by no means universal, as in the example of multiplying a vector by a scalar.




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Thus, since k can be 1, in the most general sense given here, operation is synonymous with function, map and mapping, that is, a relation, for which each element of the domain (input set) is associated with exactly one element of the codomain (set of possible outputs).
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